Facial Elecrostimulus Experiment, France, 1862

Duchene de Boulonge was a french neurologist who revived Galvani's research and greatly advanced the science of electrophysiology. He developed a non invasive technique of muscle stimulation that used faradic shock on the surface of the skin, which he called "électrisation localisée". He believed that the human face was a kind of map, the features of which could he codified into universal taxonomies of inner state. Duchene effectively used the newly invented medium of photography to capture electrically induced expression of his subjects.